Role of Proteus mirabilis flagella in biofilm formation / Papel de los flagelos de Proteus mirabilis en la formación de biofilms

Abstract Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is a common etiological agent of urinary tract infec-tions, particularly those associated with catheterization. P. mirabilis efficiently forms biofilms on different surfaces and shows a multicellular behavior called 'swarming', mediated by flagella. To date, the role of flagella in P. mirabilis biofilm formation has been under debate. In this study, we assessed the role of P. mirabilis flagella in biofilm formation using an isogenic allelic replacement mutant unable to express flagellin. Different approaches were used, such as the evaluation of cell surface hydrophobicity, bacterial motility and migration across catheter sections, measurements of biofilm biomass and biofilm dynamics by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in static and flow models. Our findings indicate that P. mirabilis flagella play a role in biofilm formation, although their lack does not completely avoid biofilm genera-tion. Our data suggest that impairment of flagellar function can contribute to biofilm prevention in the context of strategies focused on particular bacterial targets.

Resumen Proteus mirabilis (P mirabilis) es un agente etiológico común de infecciones del tracto urinario, en particular de aquellas asociadas con cateterización. P. mirabilis forma biofilms eficientemente en diferentes superficies y muestra un comportamiento multicelular llamado swarming, mediado por flagelos. Hasta el momento, el papel de los flagelos en la formación de biofilms de P. mirabilis ha estado en discusión. En este estudio, se evaluó el papel de los flagelos de P. mirabilis en la formación de biofilms, utilizando una mutante isogénica generada por reemplazo alélico, incapaz de expresar flagelina. Se utilizaron diferentes enfoques, como la evaluación de la hidrofobicidad de la superficie celular, de la movilidad y la migración bacteriana sobre secciones de catéteres y medidas de biomasa y de la dinámica del biofilm mediante inmunofluorescencia y microscopia confocal, tanto en modelos estáticos como de flujo. Nuestros hallazgos indican que los flagelos de P. mirabilis desempeñan un papel en la formación de biofilms, aunque su falta no suprime por completo su generación. Asimismo, evidencian que la interferencia de la función flagelar puede contribuir a evitar la formación de biofilms en el contexto de estrategias centradas en blancos bacterianos particulares.

The use of Prevotella bryantii 3C5 for modulation of the ruminal environment in an ovine model

Abstract In the Southern Hemisphere, ruminants are mostly raised in grazing systems where animals consume forage and are supplemented with low amounts of concentrates. Concentrates are usually given separately and are rapidly ingested. This practice leads to changing rumen environment conditions during the day, may alter the rumen microbial metabolism and could affect host performance. The native ruminal Prevotella bryantii strain 3C5 was administered every 48 h to wethers under experimental conditions simulating Southern-Hemisphere feeding to evaluate its potential as a rumen fermentation modulator. The inoculum potential was assessed on day 17. The ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids and ruminal pH were monitored on a 24-h basis 19 days after the beginning of the experiment, and the microbial community structure was assessed by pyrosequencing. The administration of P. bryantii modified the fermentation products and daily pH values compared to the control. The NH3-N concentration in the rumen of treated animals was significantly higher than that of the untreated animals. Modification of the ruminal environment and fermentation pathways was achieved without altering the general structure of the microbial community or the potential methane production. P. bryantii 3C5 could be considered in potential probiotic formulations for ruminants in semi-intensive systems.

The use of Prevotella bryantii 3C5 for modulation of the ruminal environment in an ovine model

Abstract In the Southern Hemisphere, ruminants are mostly raised in grazing systems where animals consume forage and are supplemented with low amounts of concentrates. Concentrates are usually given separately and are rapidly ingested. This practice leads to changing rumen environment conditions during the day, may alter the rumen microbial metabolism and could affect host performance. The native ruminal Prevotella bryantii strain 3C5 was administered every 48 h to wethers under experimental conditions simulating Southern-Hemisphere feeding to evaluate its potential as a rumen fermentation modulator. The inoculum potential was assessed on day 17. The ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids and ruminal pH were monitored on a 24-h basis 19 days after the beginning of the experiment, and the microbial community structure was assessed by pyrosequencing. The administration of P. bryantii modified the fermentation products and daily pH values compared to the control. The NH3-N concentration in the rumen of treated animals was significantly higher than that of the untreated animals. Modification of the ruminal environment and fermentation pathways was achieved without altering the general structure of the microbial community or the potential methane production. P. bryantii 3C5 could be considered in potential probiotic formulations for ruminants in semi-intensive systems.

Alarma por la resistencia a antimicrobianos: situación actual y desafíos / Antimicrobial resistance alarm: current situation and challenges

La creciente resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM) es un problema apremiante que de no combatirse a tiempo puede comprometer la salud de las generaciones futuras, con un retorno a la era preantibiótica. Frente a esa amenaza, los organismos sanitarios internacionales convocaron a todos los países para coordinar renovadas estrategias de lucha contra la RAM, promoviendo el enfoque de "una salud" con la participación de diferentes actores e instituciones. Este manuscrito proporciona información actualizada, explicando que la RAM no es más un dilema médico sino un fenómeno complejo que además afecta la producción agroveterinaria, el desarrollo y la economía de los países. La exposición a antibióticos contribuye a la selección de mutantes resistentes y favorece la transferencia horizontal de elementos genéticos móviles como plásmidos, integrones y tranposones que portan varios genes de resistencia contra distintas familias de antibióticos. Las antibioticoterapias, aún en situaciones justificadas, ejercen presiones selectivas que favorecen el predominio de mutantes bacterianas resistentes, por lo que es preciso evitar las infecciones, optimizando la higiene y el empleo de vacunas. También se ensayan terapias alternativas, por ejemplo basadas en bacteriófagos o probióticos. El Plan de Acción Mundial para controlar la RAM propuesto por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la Organización Mundial de Salud Animal y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y el Desarrollo comprende cinco objetivos: mejorar la conciencia y el conocimiento sobre la resistencia antimicrobiana; reforzar la vigilancia y la investigación; reducir la incidencia de la infección; optimizar el uso de antimicrobianos, y asegurar una financiación duradera que asegure la persistencia de las acciones de control.

The recent increase of antimicrobial resistance is a compelling problem that may compromise the health of future generations and result in us going back to the pre-antibiotic era, unless it is battled on time. In order to face this threat, global health organizations called countries to articulate new strategies to fight against antimicrobial resistance, by encouraging them to adopt a health centered approach that involves different actors and institutions. This report provides updated information, explaining the reasons why antimicrobial resistance is no longer a medical dilemma but rather a complex phenomenon that also affects agricultural and livestock production and the development and economy of countries. Antibiotic exposure contributes to the selection of resistant mutants and favors the horizontal transference of mobile genetic elements (MGE) such as plasmids, integrons and transposons, which carry several resistance genes against antibiotic families. Antibiotic therapy, still in justified situations, exerts selective pressure that favors the predominance of resistant bacteria mutants, and thus infections need to be avoided by optimizing hygiene conditions and relying on immunization. Also, alternative therapies are tried, as those based on bacteriophagists or probiotics. The Global Action Plan proposed by theWHO, theWorld Organization for Animal Health and the FAO to control antimicrobial resistance comprises five goals: to improve awareness and knowledge on antimicrobial resistance; to strengthen surveillance and research; to reduce the incidence of infection; to optimize the use of antimicrobial agents and to ensure a lasting funding that guarantees the continuation of control actions.

A crescente resistência aos antimicrobianos (RAM) é um problema grave que, se não for combatido rapidamente, pode comprometer a saúde das próximas gerações, com um retorno à era pré-antibiótica. Considerando esta ameaça, os organismos sanitários internacionais convocaram todos os países para coordenar novas estratégias de luta contra a RAM, promovendo um enfoque de saúde, com a participação de diferentes atores e instituições. Este manuscrito proporciona informação atualizada, explicando que a RAM não é mais um dilema médico, mas um fenómeno complexo que afeta também a produção agro veterinária, o desenvolvimento e a economia dos países. A exposição a antibióticos contribui para a seleção demutantes resistentes e favorece a transferência horizontal de elementos genéticos móviles como plasmídeos, integrons e tranposons que portam vários genes de resistência contra distintas famílias de antibióticos. As antibioticoterapias, mesmo emsituações justificadas, exercem pressões seletivas que favorecem o predomínio de mutantes bacterianos resistentes, e, portanto é preciso evitar as infeções, otimizando a higiene e o uso de vacinas. Também foram feitos ensaios com terapias alternativas, por exemplo, baseadas em bacteriófagos ou probióticos. O Plano de Ação Mundial para controlar a RAM, proposto pela OMS, OIE e FAO compreende cinco objetivos:melhorar a consciência e o conhecimento sobre resistência antimicrobiana; reforçar a vigilância e a pesquisa; reduzir a incidência das infecções; otimizar o uso de antimicrobianos, e garantir um financiamento duradouro que assegure a persistência das ações de controle.